Partiendo de la perspectiva filosófica actual, este volumen recoge la controversia "explicación-comprensión”, desde sus orígenes en Dilthey hasta los planteamientos que trascienden el aspecto puramente metodológico. En el libro se realiza una evaluación crítica de la transformación que la discusión ha tenido en el ámbito de la filosofía contemporánea y la productividad teórica e interés que tiene en diferentes ámbitos, como los de las ciencias humanas y sociales. Un debate que refleja la autocomprensión de la filosofía en el siglo XX (...) y que se desarrolla al hilo de la formación de los problemas filosóficos y de las corrientes de pensamiento que indirectamente contribuye a formar. Con contribuciones de destacados especialistas, las cuestiones abordadas recogen diferentes aproximaciones que van desde los planteamientos históricos, fenomenológicos, analíticos y hermenéuticos, hasta los de la teoría crítica. Algunos de los autores cuyas aportaciones merecen especial atención son: Von Wright, Wittgenstein, Heidegger, Popper, Kuhn, Gadamer, Davidson, Merleau-Ponty, Arendt y Habermas. (shrink)

The Creative Citizenship project was founded to promote critical, ethical, and creative thinking in early childhood, and to recognize and encourage children as social actors and peacebuilders. In concert with the methodology of North American philosopher Matthew Lipman's Philosophy for Children (P4C), Creative Citizenship seeks to promote in children the ability to think critically, ethically, and creatively in and from their own realities, and to exercise multidimensional thinking skills in the various areas of their daily lives. The research documented here (...) adopted a qualitative approach in so far as it sought to inquire about the character of those relationships, particularly among boys and girls, that promote their identity as social agents. As such, it examined training processes and generated theoretical perspectives in the interest of promoting social transformation through the empowerment of multidimensional thinking. The article begins with a review of the concept of Creative Citizenship and ends with that of Peacebuilding. Three theoretical categories have been applied in order to situate the inquiry within the framework of the realities of childhood, and to chart the pedagogical interventions by adults that occurred throughout the implementation of the project. The first focuses on the development of children’s thinking per se, the second on children's capacities for creative problem-solving in social environments, and the third on the concept of peacebuilding as a commitment to practicing philosophical dialogue among children, which is understood as a form of discourse that builds the capacities of citizens to undertake individual and collective actions that allow them, in turn, to create and re-create scenarios of peaceful coexistence. (shrink)

Today, the notion of identity is usually linked with ethical-political discussions like multiculturalism, gender or sexual diversity, recognition of plurality, etc. Nevertheless, the flourishing of this vision that interprets “identity” mainly in its plural form (as “identities”) contrasts sharply with the sense that “identity” has had during most of the history of philosophy (in which identity was understood in connection with “unity” or “selfsameness”, not with “diversity” or “otherness”). In order to explain the passage from one notion of identity to (...) the other (a passage mainly made in the last third of the 20th century), we will focus on the reflections made by Ludwig Wittgenstein towards the middle of that century. Our contention is that these reflections open the way to a more plural understanding of human identity, against the many interpreters of Wittgenstein that defend the opposite: that he offered a strong notion of common human identity in his writings, a notion based on the idea of “human nature”. In order to sustain our thesis, we will have to give an interpretation of some key terms of Wittgenstein’s philosophy (like “forms of life” or “natural history”) from a pluralistic point of view; this is the only way of understanding to what extent he is a predecessor of contemporary discussions about plural identities. (shrink)

Este artículo se enmarca en la macroinvestigación “Barreras psicosociales para la construcción de paz y reconciliación en Medellín y tres municipios de Antioquia”, desarrollado por el Grupo de Investigación en Psicología Sujetos, Sociedad y Trabajo, de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, y pretende comprender los significados que los participantes han construido sobre perdón y reconciliación en el contexto de transición y negociación política del conflicto armado entre el gobierno colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. A la luz de la (...) psicología social crítica latinoamericana, emergieron discursos alrededor de las dimensiones individuales, colectivas y sociales del perdón y la reconciliación, las relaciones que se encuentran con la verdad, la justicia, la reparación, el olvido y la memoria; las similitudes y distinciones que encuentran las víctimas entre perdón y reconciliación y la importancia de contextualizar y particularizar estos procesos en función de la desaparición forzada. Los procesos de perdón y reconciliación que se emprendan deben tener como protagonistas a las víctimas, puesto que la intervención del Estado en estos escenarios, cuando hay impunidad, omisiones y encubrimientos por su parte, puede ser contraproducente. Cuando estas se apropian del proceso se producen transformaciones subjetivas y la reconstrucción del tejido social. (shrink)

Este estudio pretende tratar el fundamento jurídico del conflicto armado, sus efectos globales y las reacciones al mismo partiendo de una base histórica y filosófica. Desde el origen de las sociedades hasta la sofisticación tecnológica, la guerra es inherente al ser humano. El cómo los Estados y Organizaciones Internacionales interactúan al respecto ha variado con la evolución de los conflictos y las sociedades. Se plantea si el restablecimiento o garantía de un Estado de Derecho, con especial relevancia de un Poder (...) Judicial como su piedra angular; continúa siendo causa y fin de una intervención armada y si es asumible y justificable el conflicto armado bajo el amparo de una organización internacional que trasciende a los Estados. (shrink)

Pervasive feminism is a component located in emotionality—feminist emotion—and contains women's primary agency. Because affect and emotions are elusive, an interpretive conceptual tool is necessary and is key to making use of their potential for feminist politics aimed at women's empowerment and well-being and to build gender equality. This essay builds on contemporary feminist theory and affect theory and draws from multidisciplinary research. It presents a new theoretical framework anchored in hermeneutics and phenomenology to pin down the affective component of (...) women's multifaceted, intersectional emotional experiences of gender. A case study also illustrates how the theoretical premises around the concept of feminist emotion are compatible with and useful for feminist praxis. (shrink)

This paper aims at understanding the concept of convention in mechanics as a notion transferred from the field of jurisprudence. This enables us to clarify it as a new epistemic category having a pertinent role in the transformation of mechanics in the nineteenth century. Such understanding permits a separation from linguistic and arbitrary conventions, thus highlighting its epistemic features and not transforming fundamental principles into mere arbitrary agreements. After addressing the main references in the literature discussing the role of convention (...) in mechanics, we analyze its classical use as a concept originating from law. Then we explain its use by Carl G. Jacobi, Ferdinand F. Reech, and J. Henri Poincaré. Here we also show how their uses conform to the features analyzed regarding conventions in jurisprudence. Finally, we try to explain how the use of this concept, among other factors, contributed to the transformation of mechanics. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to argue that there existed relevant interactions between mechanics and geometry during the first half of the nineteenth century, following a path that goes from Gauss to Riemann through Jacobi. By presenting a rich historical context we hope to throw light on the philosophical change of epistemological categories applied by these authors to the fundamental principles of both disciplines. We intend to show that presentations of the changing status of the principles of mechanics as (...) a mere epiphenomenon of the emergence of non-Euclidean geometries are inaccurate, that the relations between the two disciplines were richer than what is usually considered in the literature. These claims will be based on historical and philosophical arguments, starting from the fact that disciplinary boundaries at the time were not rigid as we are used today. It is widely known that the main figures we target worked in different areas, which is a first piece of evidence for the plausibility of our main thesis. (shrink)

Much of the focus on Poincaré’s philosophy of science has been on the notion of convention, a crucial concept that has become distinctive of his position. However, other notions have received much less attention. That is the case of verifiable hypotheses. This kind of hypotheses seems to be constituted from the generalization of several observable facts. So, in order to understand what these hypotheses are, we need to know what a fact to Poincaré is. He divides facts into brute and (...) scientific facts. The characterization of this duality is not trivial at all, and leads us to the following questions that we will discuss in this paper: which the part of construction that exists in a scientific fact and which the part of translation, that is, what remains from the brute fact in the scientific one?; and when we conceive a generalized hypothesis, are we supposed to do it from scientific or from brute facts? The clarification of these questions could lead to distinguish the part of construction and the part of translation in the first steps of science, which is essential to get a better understanding of Poincaré’s conception of science. (shrink)

In the introduction to his famous book, La Science et l’hypothèse, Poincaré remarks on the necessary role and legitimacy of hypotheses. He establishes a triple classification of hypotheses, dividing them into verifiable, useful, and apparent. However, in chapter 9, entitled ‘Les hypothèses en physique’, he gives a slightly different triadic classification: natural hypotheses, indifferent hypotheses, and real generalizations. The origin of this second classification is a lecture given at the International Congress of Physics, Paris, 1900. What are the similarities and (...) differences between these two classifications? My main purpose is to provide a possible equivalence between the two classifications in order to clarify the role of hypotheses in Poincaré’s epistemology of natural science. The discussion will be based on the two fundamental texts mentioned above and on the contrast between Poincaré’s use of the notion of hypothesis and that of some of his contemporaries. (shrink)

Muita da literatura sobre a filosofia da ciência de Poincaré tem estado focada na noção de convenção, um conceito crucial que identifica a sua posição. No entanto, há outras noções que têm recebido menos atenção. Este é o caso das hipóteses verificáveis. Este tipo de hipótese parece ser constituído a partir da generalização de vários fatos observáveis. Assim, para compreender o que são estas hipóteses, temos de saber o que é um fato para Poincaré. Ele divide fatos em brutos e (...) científicos. A caracterização desta dualidade não é de tudo trivial, e nos leva às seguintes questões que discutiremos neste artigo: (1) qual a parte de construção que existe num fato científico e qual a parte de tradução? Isto é, o que permanece do fato bruto no fato científico? E (2) quando concebemos uma hipótese generalizada, a generalização é feita a partir dos fatos científicos ou dos fatos brutos? A clarificação destas questões pode levar a distinguir a parte de construção e a parte de tradução desde os primeiros passos da ciência, o que é essencial para conseguir uma melhor compreensão da concepção de ciência de Poincaré. (shrink)

The DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) of chromatin constitute one of the best landmarks of eukaryotic genes that are poised and/or activated for transcription. For over 35 years, the high‐mobility group nucleosome‐binding chromosomal proteins HMGN1 and HMGN2 have been shown to play a role in the establishment of these chromatin‐accessible domains at transcriptional regulatory elements, namely promoters and enhancers. The critical presence of HMGNs at enhancers, as highlighted by a recent publication, suggests a role for them in the structural and (...) functional fine‐tuning of the DHSs in vertebrates. As we review here, while preferentially out‐competing histone H1 binding and invading neighbor nucleosomes, HMGNs may also modulate histone H3 at serine 10 (H3S10ph), which plays an important role in enhancer function and transcriptional initiation. (shrink)

Este artículo comenta una conferencia de Louis de Broglie de 1952 en la que se replantea sus ideas iniciales sobre la mecánica cuántica. Defenderemos la tesis de que, en ese trabajo, pese a la referencia al indeterminismo, el objetivo del físico francés es presentar una interpretación causal de esta teoría y no poner de manifiesto su indeterminismo. Así, analizaremos la noción de causalidad que presenta con el objetivo de separarla del determinismo. Estructuraremos la noción presentada por de Broglie en tres (...) partes y la conexión entre las mismas. Para separar causalidad de determinismo utilizaremos una definición no restrictiva de esta noción y presentaremos los problemas que tiene la noción de causalidad utilizada por de Broglie. Finalmente, defenderemos una interpretación de las ideas de de Broglie más como una concepción filosófica que científica y ofreceremos alternativas filosóficas a la misma. (shrink)

This paper discusses the different teaching-learning styles and how they can be applied to university education. It is a common misconception that there are only three learning styles: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. There are nine different learning styles that can be applied to university teaching-learning. With a literature review, these nine different learning styles and how they can be used in the classroom setting will be explored. In addition, teaching techniques and strategies in a university education will be explored. The (...) importance of these techniques and how they can be improved will also be discussed, considering three different methods: active learning, collaborative learning, and self-directed learning, taking into account the integration of technology in its design. Finally, a dissertation will be made on the new forms of teaching for the training of professionals for industry 4.0 and the new labor demands. (shrink)

The controversy between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry arose new philosophical and scientific insights which were relevant to the later development of natural science. Here we want to consider Poincaré and Helmholtz’s positions as two of the most important and original ones who contributed to the subsequent development of the epistemology of natural sciences. Based in these conceptions, we will show that the role of philosophy is still important for some aspects of science.

Poincaré’s conventionalism has been interpreted in many writings as a philosophical position emerged by reflection on certain scientific problems, such as the applicability of geometry to physical space or the status of certain scientific principles. In this paper I would like to consider conventionalism as a philosophical position that emerged from Poincaré’s scientific practice. But not so much from dealing with scientific problems, as from the use of two specific methodologies proper to modern mathematics and the modern natural sciences: methodological (...) structuralism and the hypothetical-deductive method—thus, as a philosophical position which emerged from a way (or rather, two ways) ofdoingscience. With this approach, I try to deepen the analysis of connections between Poincaré’s scientific practice and his philosophy. (shrink)

Cuando fray Luis de Granada fue invitado por Antonio Pinheiro, obispo abogado de Miranda, a pronunciar un sermón en la ceremonia de su ordenación episcopal, abordó el oficio y las costumbres de los obispos. Posteriormente ese sermón fue ampliado y convertido en un auténtico libro sobre el oficio de pastor de almas.

This volume presents a selection of papers from the Poincaré Project of the Center for the Philosophy of Science, University of Lisbon, bringing together an international group of scholars with new assessments of Henri Poincaré's philosophy of science-both its historical impact on the foundations of science and mathematics, and its relevance to contemporary philosophical inquiry. The work of Poincaré (1854-1912) extends over many fields within mathematics and mathematical physics. But his scientific work was inseparable from his groundbreaking philosophical reflections, and (...) the scientific ferment in which he participated was inseparable from the philosophical controversies in which he played a pre-eminent part. The subsequent history of the mathematical sciences was profoundly influenced by Poincaré's philosophical analyses of the relations between and among mathematics, logic, and physics, and, more generally, the relations between formal structures and the world of experience. The papers in this collection illuminate Poincaré's place within his own historical context as well as the implications of his work for ours. (shrink)

Mathematical Knowledge and the Interplay of Practices. By Ferreirós José.

El artículo busca desarrollar cómo es que dentro del filme Aloners (2021) se desenvuelve una crítica a la violencia positiva que identifica a la sociedad capitalista contemporánea. Para conseguir esta meta, el escrito se divide en tres momentos: el primero, que desarrolla el modo en que se entiende el trabajo muerto dentro del filme; el segundo, que se ocupa de profundizar en el modo en que se producen patologías sociales desde el ejercicio de una violencia positiva sobre la subjetividad del (...) sujeto y; finalmente, se recurre a la hauntología para poder comprender la función del fantasma en la cinta, develando así la crítica detrás de este mismo. De este modo, la hipótesis central del texto es que dentro de Aloners existe todo un aparato crítico hacia las formas de vida contemporáneas sometidas por la dominación total del trabajo en todos los aspectos de la existencia. (shrink)

We focus on the literature about UBI and the experiments developed all around the world to test it in order to address how UBI implementation could affect entrepreneurship. Building on these findings and various strands of entrepreneurial theory, we develop a theoretical framework to explain how the implementation of UBI would dramatically change the environment of entrepreneurial activity, shaping entrepreneurial action at three levels: (i) the desirability of becoming an entrepreneur; (ii) the perceived feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur; (iii) the (...) propensity to act. Consequently, UBI implementation would arguably facilitate the decision to become an entrepreneur. The contribution of the paper is threefold. It firstly provides a theoretical framework that opens new directions for further research on the relationship between UBI and entrepreneurship. Secondly, it offers new insights for policy makers by shedding light on potential effects of UBI implementation. Finally, it raises further questions that remains unsolved related to the role of non-pecuniary motivations and financial constraints. (shrink)

The long 19th century was a period of many developments and technical innovations in agriculture and animal biology, during which actors sought to incorporate new practices in light of new information. By the middle of the century, however, while heredity steadily became the dominant concept in animal husbandry, some policies related to livestock improvement in Brazil seemed to have been tailored following a climate-deterministic concept established in the mid-18th century by the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, the Comte de Buffon. His (...) theory of animal degeneration posited, among other things, the necessity of recurrent crossbreeding to preserve animal species living in nonnative environments from climate-induced degeneration. Although largely discredited by the early 19th century, the teachings of the French naturalist seem to have found supporters in a Brazilian program to modernize national agriculture through the application of the natural sciences. Herein I examine the revival of Buffon’s theories in that government-sponsored program to improve animal husbandry and breeding techniques, including actual applications of this theory in the real world. Ultimately, I argue that Buffon’s theory of degeneration was used to tailor public policies and funding for the improvement of domesticated animals in Brazil between 1856 and 1860. (shrink)

This volume contains five articles by prominent scholars of French literature and political philosophy that examine the relation between Montaigne's Essays, one ...

O presente artigo trata de um objeto da História da Filosofia. Sendo assim, objetiva analisar as correlações literárias dos textos de Timaeus 71E - 72B, Symposium 202E – 203A e Phaedrus 244B-244E em relação ao Corpus Hermeticum 12.19, com a finalidade de encontrar supostas fontes enquadradas no texto hermético, e saber como elas foram retrabalhadas nele. Assim, busca perguntar pela origem, história, significado e aplicação de motivos que incidem nos textos cotejados, incluindo o Corpus Hermeticum 12.19, perscrutando as correlações histórico-religiosas (...) a fim de encontrar nexos traditivos comparáveis do mundo filosófico-religioso contemporâneo do Corpus Hermeticum 12.19. Em particular, este artigo demonstra que o Corpus Hermeticum 12.19 descreve a arte divinatória ou das artes mânticas através da inspiração, aruspício e augúrio. Pode-se vislumbrar o tema da comunicação entre Deus e o homem através das artes mânticas. Por último, o presente artigo, tomando como base o enfoque helenista, aventa que o Corpus Hermeticum XII.19 tem influência médio-platonista. (shrink)